What process leads to the formation of a new termite colony outside of swarming?

The formation of a new termite colony outside of the swarming process is known as budding. This occurs when a part of an existing colony, which includes both reproductive and worker termites, breaks away to establish a new colony. Budding is a vital strategy for colony reproduction in termites, allowing for the expansion of their populations and the establishment of additional colonies in new locations.

In contrast to other processes like fission, which typically involves the division of a single entity into parts, or fragmentation and replication, which pertain to other forms of asexual reproduction in various organisms, budding specifically reflects the social structure and reproductive strategies of termites. The success of this method relies on the cooperation of the termites that leave the parent colony, ensuring that the new colony has the necessary workforce and genetic diversity for survival and growth.